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Now that you have sampled this powerful build tool called Ant, we ll plant some seeds for effective use before you get too carried away We recommend separating source files from generated output files This keeps valuable source code safely isolated from the generated files Also remember that the Java source must be stored in a directory hierarchy that matches the package naming hierarchy; the <javac> dependency checking relies on this layout Another best practice we strongly encourage including description attributes for all targets, and a <description> tag for the project as a whole These help make a build file self-documenting, as the -projecthelp option to Ant will list the targets that have descriptions By explaining what targets do, you not only provide an explanation for the reader of the build file, you show the user which targets they should call and what they can do..

@Entity public class Item { ... @ManyToOne(fetch = FetchType.EAGER) private User seller; @OneToMany(fetch = FetchType.EAGER) private Set<Bid> bids = new HashSet<Bid>(); ... }

The FetchType.EAGER provides the same guarantees as lazy="false" in Hibernate: the associated entity instance must be fetched eagerly, not lazily. We already mentioned that Java Persistence has a different default fetch plan than Hibernate. Although all associations in Hibernate are completely lazy, all @ManyToOne and

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Preliminaries 48 Introducing datatypes and properties with <javac> 49 Paths 51 Filesets 52 Patternsets 54 Selectors 56 Datatype element naming 57 Filterset 58 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 FilterChains and FilterReaders 59 Mappers 61 Additional Ant datatypes 65 Properties 66 Controlling Ant with properties 77 References 79 Best practices 82 Summary 83

@OneToOne associations default to FetchType.EAGER! This default was standard-

Reusability is often a primary goal as developers, and Ant gives us this capability. This chapter is foundational. Understanding the concepts presented here is crucial to crafting build files that are adaptable, maintainable, reusable, and controllable. This chapter contains a lot of material that can t be digested in one reading. Read this chapter completely to understand how Ant operates and about the facilities it provides to make your build life easier, and then use this chapter later as a reference to pick up the syntax details when you begin incorporating datatypes and properties into your build files.

ized to allow Java Persistence provider implementations without lazy loading (in practice, such a persistence provider wouldn t be very useful). We recommend that you default to the Hibernate lazy loading fetch plan by setting FetchType. LAZY in your to-one association mappings and only override it when necessary:

There are two fundamental concepts at the core of Ant s capabilities: properties and datatypes. Let s start with a gentle overview of them both.

@Entity public class Item { ... @ManyToOne(fetch = FetchType.LAZY) private User seller; ... }

Datatype overview One of the great advantages Ant has over the alternatives to building and packaging Java applications is that it understands the primary problem domain, that of building Java projects. Most steps to build a typical Java project deal with files and paths (such as classpaths). Ant provides datatypes to handle these two concepts natively. You can think of an Ant datatype as similar to Java s own built-in core classes: data that can be passed around and provided to tasks. The fileset and path datatypes, and several others, form the basic building blocks of Ant build files. Classpath-related headaches are commonplace in Java development. Ant makes dealing with classpaths much more natural and pleasant than the command-line manual alternative, and provides for the reuse of defined classpaths wherever needed. For example, compiling source code requires that referenced classes be in the classpath. A path can be defined once for compilation with <javac>, and reused for execution (via <java>, covered in chapter 5). One of the consequences of classpaths being specified inside the build file is that Ant can be invoked without an explicitly defined system classpath, making it easy to install Ant and build a project with little or no environmental configuration.1 Another no less important consequence is that classpaths can be easily and tightly controlled. This reduces CLASSPATH configuration problems, both for compilation and execution. A set of files is a common entity to manipulate for such tasks as compiling, packaging, copying, deleting, and documenting. Defining a fileset of all .java files, for example, is straightforward: